Creation Questions

Category: Creation Science

  • Ologies,ologies, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink…

    Ologies,ologies, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink…

    So, you’re telling me that every field of study, from the submicroscopic quarks of quantum physics to the grand cosmic spirals of astrophysics, can’t help but stumble over the God question? Metaphysics? Yes. Phenomenology? Check. Cosmology? Double-check. Epistemology? What do you know! Even dear old biology, with all its little proteins and DNA, can’t resist a good teleological head-scratcher.

    Now, I’m not saying this proves anything. I’m just saying, if you walk into a library and every book has a page on Bigfoot, you might start to wonder if there’s really something to that hairy fellow lurking in the woods. And when every intellectual pursuit is pondering about the divine, maybe, just maybe, He’s not a mere figment of our collective imagination.

    In an interview on the Soul Boom podcast, the well-known agnostic skeptic Alex O’Connor was asked what the best argument for the existence of God was. He said, “There are so many, I think there’s even an argument for the existence of God that can be made just from the number of arguments for the existence of God. The fact that there’s an argument from beauty, and argument from contingency, from ontology, from maths… Anywhere you look, there’s an argument for God, so you could always make an argument for God’s existence from the sheer number of arguments for God’s existence.”

    So in your honour, Alex, here is a little syllogism (albeit tongue and cheek):

    Let’s get logical for a second:

    1. Premise 1: Multiple independent disciplines (across diverse “ologies”) converge on arguments that point to or require a transcendent foundation resembling theistic conceptions.
    2. Premise 2: When independent intellectual traditions across diverse cultures and disciplines converge on similar conclusions despite different methodologies and starting assumptions, this convergence provides strong evidence for the validity of those conclusions.
    3. Premise 3: This convergence pattern exists regarding arguments that point to a transcendent foundation for reality, knowledge, consciousness, morality, etc.
    4. Conclusion: Therefore, there is strong evidence for the validity of a transcendent foundation (resembling theistic conceptions) for reality.

    Boom. Check mate, atheists.

    Of course, the skeptics will say, “But correlation doesn’t equal causation!” And to that, I say, “Sure, but it’s a heck of a coincidence, isn’t it?” It’s like finding a universal remote that works on every TV in the world. You might start to suspect someone is behind all these converging coincidences.

    The Information Age and the Divine Download

    Think about it: information theory tells us that complex information requires an intelligent source. Biological systems scream design, the fine-tuning of the universe is downright suspicious, and even our own brains’ consciousness hint at something beyond the purely material. As Dr. Stephen C. Meyer argues in his book “Signature in the Cell“, the digital code within DNA points to an intelligent cause.

    And if our brains can conjure up these elaborate arguments for God, maybe, just maybe, they’re picking up a signal from the ultimate source code. A divine download, if you will.

    A Gentle Nudge

    Maybe this is what Blaise Pascal thinking when he made his wager? We all must make a choice about believing in God’s existence or not with incomplete information, and the potential gains for accepting Him far outweigh the negatives. Perhaps the next time you’re investigating an obscure ‘ology’, and you find yourself pondering the God question, remember: in the end it comes down to a subjective decision. And the universe, in all its vastness and complexity, seems to be whispering which path to choose.

    Now, I’m not saying you have to believe any of this. But maybe, just maybe, it’s worth a second thought?

    Video: “Alex O’Connor Explores the Mysteries of God | Soul Boom” Soul Boom w/ Rainn Wilson (2025)

  • How Created Heterozygosity Explains Genetic Variation

    How Created Heterozygosity Explains Genetic Variation

    A Conceptual Introduction:

    The study of genetics reveals a stunning tapestry of diversity within the living world. While evolutionary theory traditionally attributes this variation to random mutations accumulated over vast stretches of time, a creationist perspective offers a compelling alternative: Created Heterozygosity. This hypothesis proposes that God designed organisms with pre-existing genetic variability, allowing for adaptation and diversification within created kinds. This concept not only aligns with biblical accounts but also provides a more coherent explanation for observed genetic phenomena.

    The evolutionary narrative hinges on the power of mutations to generate novel genetic information. However, the overwhelming evidence points to the deleterious nature of most mutations. This can be seen in the famous Long-Term Evolutionary Experiments with E. coli. Notice, in the graphic below (Hofwegen, 2016), just how much information gets lost due to selection pressures and mutation. This is known as genetic entropy, the gradual degradation of the genome due to accumulated harmful mutations, poses a significant challenge to the idea that random mutations can drive the complexification of life. Furthermore, the sheer number of beneficial mutations required to explain the intricate design of living organisms strains credulity.

    “Genomic DNA sequencing revealed an amplification of the citT and dctA loci and DNA rearrangements to capture a promoter to express CitT, aerobically. These are members of the same class of mutations identified by the LTEE. We conclude that the rarity of the LTEE mutant was an artifact of the experimental conditions and not a unique evolutionary event. No new genetic information (novel gene function) evolved.”

    In contrast, Created Heterozygosity suggests that God, the master engineer, imbued organisms with a pre-programmed potential for variation. Just as human engineers design systems with built-in flexibility, God equipped his creation with the genetic resources necessary to adapt to diverse environments. This concept resonates with the biblical affirmation that God created organisms “according to their kinds,” implying inherent boundaries within which variation can occur. Recent research, such as the ENCODE project and studies on the dark proteome, has revealed an astonishing level of complexity and functionality within the genome, further supporting the idea of a designed system.

    Baraminology, the study of created kinds, provides empirical support for Created Heterozygosity. The rapid diversification observed within baramins, such as the canid or feline kinds, can be readily explained by the expression of pre-existing genetic information. For example, the diverse array of dog breeds can be traced back to the inherent genetic variability within the canine kind, rather than the accumulation of countless beneficial mutations.

    Of course, objections arise. The role of mutations in adaptation is often cited as evidence against Created Heterozygosity. However, certain mutations may represent the expression of designed backup systems or pre-programmed responses to environmental changes. Moreover, the vast majority of observed genetic variation can be attributed to the shuffling and expression of existing genetic information, rather than the creation of entirely new information.

    The implications for human genetics are profound. Created Heterozygosity elegantly explains the high degree of genetic variation within the human population, while remaining consistent with the biblical account of Adam and Eve as the progenitors of all humanity. Research on Mitochondrial Eve and Y-Chromosome Adam/Noah further supports the idea of a recent, common ancestry for all people.

    In conclusion, Created Heterozygosity provides a compelling framework for understanding genetic variation from a creationist perspective. By acknowledging the limitations of mutation-driven evolution and recognizing the evidence for designed diversity, we can appreciate the intricate wisdom of the Creator and the coherence of the biblical narrative. This concept invites us to explore the vastness of genetic diversity with a renewed sense of awe, recognizing the pre-programmed potential inherent in God’s magnificent creation.

    Citation:

    1. Van Hofwegen, D. J., Hovde, C. J., & Minnich, S. A. (2016). Rapid Evolution of Citrate Utilization by Escherichia coli by Direct Selection Requires citT and dctA. Journal of bacteriology, 198(7), 1022–1034.
  • My Top 5 Favorite Creation Podcasts

    My Top 5 Favorite Creation Podcasts

    As a creation enthusiast, I’m always on the lookout for resources that delve into the fascinating intersection of science and the biblical narrative. Podcasts have become a fantastic avenue for exploring these topics in depth, and I’ve curated a list of my top five favorites that consistently deliver insightful and engaging content.

    1. Let’s Talk Creation:

    This podcast is a gem for anyone seeking thoughtful and accessible discussions on creation science. Hosted by two PhD creationists, Todd Wood (baraminology) and Paul Garner (geology), “Let’s Talk Creation” offers bimonthly episodes that are both informative and easy to digest. What I appreciate most is their level-headed approach and their ability to break down complex scientific concepts into understandable terms. You’ll walk away from each episode with new insights and a deeper appreciation for the creation model.

    2. Standing For Truth:

    “Standing For Truth” is a powerhouse of creation content. With a vast database of interviews featuring subject experts from every relevant field, this podcast provides a comprehensive exploration of creation science. While it can get a little technical at times, the in-depth discussions and expert perspectives make it a valuable resource for those seeking a more rigorous understanding of the evidence.

    3. Creation Ministries International:

    For high-quality production and a wide variety of topics, “Creation Ministries International” delivers. Their videos are visually engaging and provide digestible explanations of creation science concepts including a wide range of scientists, philosophers, and theologians. While they may not always delve into the deepest technical details, their content is perfect for those seeking a solid overview of the evidence and its implications.

    4. Creation Unfolding:

    If you’re particularly interested in geology and paleontology, “Creation Unfolding” is a must-listen. The main host, Dr. K. P. Coulson, a well-researched geologist, brings a wealth of knowledge to the table, and the recurring guests provide diverse perspectives on these fascinating subjects. The laser-focused approach of this podcast makes it an invaluable resource for those seeking a deeper understanding of Earth’s history from a creationist perspective.

    5. Biblical Genetics:

    Dr. Robert Carter’s personal podcast, “Biblical Genetics,” is a treasure trove of information for anyone interested in the intersection of genetics and creation science. Dr. Carter, a renowned geneticist, tackles complex topics with clarity and precision, responding to popular-level content creators and professors with detailed explanations and analysis of technical papers. He skillfully guides listeners through intricate genetic concepts, making them accessible to a wider audience.

    These five podcasts represent a diverse range of perspectives and approaches to creation science. Whether you’re a seasoned creationist or just beginning to explore these topics, you’re sure to find valuable insights and engaging discussions within these podcasts.

  • Do Creationists Make Predictions?

    Do Creationists Make Predictions?

    A common criticism against scientists who espouse a young-age and global flood is that they don’t make testable predictions. However, a closer look reveals that creation science has a robust history of making predictions that challenge mainstream assumptions. To respond to the critic’s claim, we will look at eight predictions of note which are rooted in a biblical perspective of history, have been repeatedly validated, and prompt the need for a re-evaluation of the established paradigm.

    1. The Rapid Formation of Opals

    Dr. Len Crampton, a creationist geologist from New South Wales, Australia, dared to question the conventional timescale for opal formation. Mainstream geology posits that opals form over millions of years through slow, gradual processes. However, Crampton, drawing upon the catastrophic implications of the global Flood, predicted that opals could form rapidly under conditions of silica-rich solutions and rapid deposition. His experimental work demonstrated the feasibility of this rapid formation, challenging the long-age assumptions of conventional geology. While consensus geology made a story about opals which fit their narrative, creationists found the practical mechanism behind opal creation.

    2. Carbon-14 in “Ancient” Samples

    One of the most contentious areas of debate is the presence of Carbon-14 (C-14) in samples deemed millions of years old. Conventional radiometric dating assumes that C-14, with its relatively short half-life of 5,730 years, should be undetectable in samples older than 100,000 years. Yet, creation scientists, including those involved with the RATE (Radioisotopes and the Age of The Earth) project, have consistently predicted and found measurable C-14 in fossils, coal, and diamonds (Baumgardner, 2003). This finding directly challenges the long-age interpretations and raises questions about the assumptions underlying radiometric dating, but, significantly, it was predicted by creationists.

    3. Mature Galaxies and the Absence of Population III Stars

    In the realm of cosmology, Dr. Jason Lisle predicted that the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) would reveal mature galaxies at great distances and a lack of Population III stars, the hypothetical first stars formed after the Big Bang. This prediction stands in stark contrast to standard cosmological models, which require long periods for galaxy formation and predict the existence of these primordial stars. The early JWST data has aligned with Lisle’s prediction, prompting a re-evaluation of current cosmological timelines. Another prediction in the bag.

    4. The Functionality of “Junk” DNA

    Evolutionary theory initially proposed that non-coding DNA was “junk,” remnants of evolutionary processes with no function. However, creation scientists, including Dr. Robert Carter, predicted that this “junk” DNA would be found to have important functions (Carter, 2010). The ENCODE project and subsequent research have demonstrated widespread biochemical activity within non-coding DNA, indicating its crucial roles in gene regulation and other cellular processes. This discovery challenges the notion of “junk” DNA and supports the concept of intelligent design.

    5. Helium Diffusion in Zircon Crystals

    Back to geology. In 1982, Dr. Robert Gentry discovered that the nuclear-decay-generated helium in little crystals in granites called zircons was too high for the rocks to have undergone a constant decay rate (Gentry, 1986). His observation lead to Dr. Russell Humphreys prediction during the early stages of the RATE project (Humphreys, 2000, p. 348, Figure 7), which were verified by an external laboratory, challenged the conventional radiometric dating assumptions. The high retention rates of helium in zircon crystals indicate that they cannot be millions of years old. The data fit his prediction, as shown below, perfectly.

    6. Cool Subducted Zones and Rapid Plate Tectonics

    Dr. John Baumgardner, a geophysicist, predicted that subducted lithospheric zones in the mantle would be cooler than expected (Baumgardner, 1994), due to rapid plate tectonics during the Flood. Observations have confirmed these cooler zones, supporting the Catastrophic Plate Tectonics (CPT) model.

    7. Lack of Metamorphosis in Folded Rock Layers

    Geologist Dr. Andrew Snelling predicted that Tapeats sandstone samples in bends would not exhibit metamorphic change to the minerals, despite the folding of the layers. This is because he predicted that all the sedimentary layers were laid down during the flood and that seismic activity below caused the layers to deform over the hardened faults below. Snelling et al. investigated the Tapeats and found no metamorphosing (Snelling, 2021). This evidence supports the prediction that these rocks were bent while still soft and it refutes the mainstream science prediction of ductile deformation (immense pressure and heat over time which should result in metamorphic changes), demonstrating that the folding occurred rapidly, before the rocks had time to metamorphose.

    8. Human Genetic Diversity

    Creation models predicted a relatively recent origin for humanity, with low genetic diversity. Genetic studies, including those on mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome, have supported this prediction, pointing to a relatively recent common ancestry.

    These are my top eight examples which highlight the predictive power of the creationist model. These predictions and their verifications dispel the myth that “creationists don’t make predictions” and, hopefully, give you a deeper appreciation for the robustness and explanatory power of the creationist worldview.

    Citations:

    1. John Baumgardner, J. R. (2003). Carbon-14 evidence for a recent global flood and a young age of the Earth. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Creationism (pp. 129-142). Creation Science Fellowship.
    2. Carter, R. W. (2010). The non-coding genome. Journal of Creation, 24(3), 116-123.
    3. Gentry, R. V. (1986). Radiohalos in polonium 218: evidence of a pre-cambrian granite. Science, 234(4776), 561-566.
    4. Humphreys, D. R. (2000). Accelerated nuclear decay: evidence for young-age radiocarbon dating. In Radioisotopes and the Age of The Earth: Results of a Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative (pp. 333-379). Institute for Creation Research. p. 348, Figure 7.
    5. Baumgardner, J. R. (1994). Runaway subduction as the driving mechanism for the Genesis flood. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism (pp. 63-75). Creation Science Fellowship.
    6. Snelling, A. A. (2021). The Petrology of the Tapeats Sandstone, Tonto Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Answers Research Journal, 14, 159–254.

  • The Flood: A Brief Outline

    The Flood: A Brief Outline

    The biblical account of a global flood, as described in Genesis, provides a powerful and coherent framework for understanding the Earth’s geological history. This model challenges the conventional uniformitarian timescale and offers compelling explanations for numerous geological phenomena. Today I will provide an outline of some of the most interesting lines of evidence for a worldwide flood.

    I. Rapid Sedimentation & Fossilization

    The fossil record and sedimentary formations reveal evidence of rapid burial and deposition, indicative of catastrophic processes:

    • Delicate & Detailed Preservation: Exquisite fossils (Solnhofen Limestone) and fragile charcoal preservation indicate swift burial.
    • Mass Burial Graveyards: Massive fossil graveyards (Siberian mammoths, Redwall Limestone nautiloids) suggest events within hours, not millennia.
    • Absence of Decay and Scavenging: Preserved soft tissues (collagen, DNA) defy millions of years, requiring rapid burial.
    • Polystrate Fossils: Upright trees spanning multiple layers demand swift sediment accumulation.
    • Paleohydraulic Evidence and Bedding Plane Concentrations: Rapid depositional events and undisturbed charcoal layers support quick burial.
    • Lack of Bioturbation: Sharp layer boundaries and minimal biological disturbance indicate rapid burial.
    • Turbulent Deposition and High Energy Transport: Mixed sediments and hydrodynamic models support high-energy, rapid deposition.
    • Pulsed deposition: Multiple layers indicate multiple rapid events.
    • Turbidites: Underwater landslides indicate rapid sediment deposition.
    • Folded sedimentary layers (with no metamorphosing): Layers folded while still soft indicate rapid formation.
    • Sand injectites: Rapid liquefaction and deposition of sand.
    • Iodine retention: Volatile element presence indicates rapid burial.

    II. Marine Transgression, Fossil Distribution, & Geological Formations Are Global

    The global distribution of marine fossils and geological formations indicates a worldwide flood:

    • Extensive Deposits: Lateral continuity of formations (Morrison, Coconino) suggests rapid, continent-wide deposition.
    • Lateral continuity: Sedimentary layers that spread across continents indicate rapid and large-scale deposition.
    • Indicators of Marine Deposition in All Sediments: Marine fossils and structures throughout the geological column.
    • Water Levels Exceeding Terrestrial Plates Globally: Scale of deposits indicates water levels far exceeding current boundaries.
    • High energy transport: Size of transported sediments is impossible to explain with slow processes.
    • Clear turbulent deposition: Many sedimentary layers show evidence of high-energy water flow.
    • Mega-sequences correlating as extremes of known mechanisms: The size and scope of these deposits are best explained by a global flood.
    • No erosion between layers: The absence of erosional channels is best explained by rapid sequential deposition.
    • Universal evidence of marine deposited sandstones: Continents once covered by water.

    III. Rapid Erosion & Post Flood Events

    Post-flood geological features reveal rapid erosion and catastrophic water action:

    • Channel Scablands: Vast channels in the Pacific Northwest indicate powerful, rapid water flow.
    • Underfit Rivers and Meltwater Channels: Massive channels with small rivers suggest immense post-flood meltwater flows.
    • Erosional Features and Missoula Floods Evidence: Gigantic potholes and evidence of massive floods demonstrate post-flood water action.
    • Geological Structures and Erratics: Structures influencing flood flow and erratic boulders indicate dynamic post-flood processes.
    • Massive interconnected surface channels: Large water flows across continents.
    • Massive erosion events like the Grand Staircase: Best explained by a global flood.
    • Laminated canyon edges: Indicate rapid canyon formation.

    IV. Rapid Chemical Processes & Young-Age Indicators

    Chemical processes and age indicators challenge conventional timelines, supporting a young Earth:

    • Radiometric Dating Assumptions: Unverifiable assumptions in dating methods question deep-time estimates.
    • Radiohalos in Zircon Crystals and Helium Diffusion: Polonium radiohalos and helium retention indicate rapid formation and a young Earth.
    • Shoreline and Terrestrial Erosion: Current erosion rates are inconsistent with millions of years.
    • C14 in Fossils and Soft Tissue: Detectable C14 and preserved soft tissue challenge conventional timelines.
    • Lithosphere Subduction Temperatures: Thermal models point to a much younger subduction event.
    • Magnetic Field Decay: Earth’s decaying magnetic field suggests a younger age.
    • Ocean Salinity: Current salinity levels are too low for billions of years.

    In conclusion, the geological evidence, when viewed through a biblical lens, overwhelmingly supports the reality of a global flood and a young Earth. This framework provides a coherent and compelling explanation for the Earth’s geological history, challenging the conventional uniformitarian paradigm.

  • Beyond Naturalism and Towards True Knowledge

    Beyond Naturalism and Towards True Knowledge

    The very definition of science has undergone a subtle yet significant shift. Historically, science was understood as the pursuit of knowledge, a quest to understand the world around us through observation and reason. This pursuit inherently necessitates certain presuppositions: that the universe operates with causal connections, that truth is knowable, and that we can have confidence in our ability to discern it. However, modern science has often become synonymous with methodological naturalism, a philosophy that restricts scientific inquiry to natural causes, excluding any possibility of non-natural or supernatural agency. The RationalWiki page on Methodological Naturalism introduces the concept like so:

    Methodological naturalism is the label for the required assumption of philosophical naturalism when working with the scientific method. Methodological naturalists limit their scientific research to the study of natural causes, because any attempts to define causal relationships with the supernatural are never fruitful, and result in the creation of scientific “dead ends” and God of the gaps-type hypotheses. To avoid these traps, scientists assume that all causes are empirical and naturalistic, which means they can be measured, quantified, and studied methodically.

    However, this assumption of naturalism need not extend beyond an assumption of methodology. This is what separates methodological naturalism from philosophical naturalism — the former is merely a tool and makes no truth claim, while the latter makes the philosophical — essentially atheistic — claim that only natural causes exist.

    The distinction between methodological and ontological naturalism, while often presented as this clear boundary, is, in practice, a strategic rhetorical move. Methodological naturalism purports to be a neutral, non-ontological framework for scientific inquiry. It claims to be a mere rule of engagement—that science should only investigate natural phenomena using natural explanations. Yet, in its application, it inexorably leads to ontological conclusions. By systematically excluding the possibility of non-natural causes a priori, science creates a worldview in which naturalism appears to be the only viable explanation for everything. This isn’t a discovery; it’s a foregone conclusion derived from the very rules of the game.


    The assumptions underpinning science are the most glaring example of this flawed logic. Science demands that phenomena be testable, repeatable, and observable, yet it rests on a foundation of unproven, non-empirical assumptions. We must assume logic, order, and consistency in nature—presuppositions that are not themselves testable by the scientific method. This creates a paradox: science, in its pursuit of knowledge, relies on foundational truths that are, by its own criteria, unscientific.


    This arbitrary limitation is particularly problematic when we consider the concept of agent causation. In fields like forensics, we readily distinguish between natural and volitional causes. We can conclude, based on empirical evidence, that an event was caused by an agent’s intent or will, even though that intent is not a physical object we can measure. There is already a precedent for including non-material causes in our models of reality. Science, as a system for making models that account for data, should be open to all potential causal explanations, not just those that fit within a pre-approved, naturalist box. By artificially fixing its scope to exclude supernatural causes, science pre-determines its own conclusions and, in doing so, sacrifices the pursuit of a more complete truth about reality. It becomes a system for confirming its own biases, rather than an open-ended quest for knowledge.


    Further, this limitation creates a profound epistemological problem. Consider the analogy of a painting: while analyzing the physical components of the paint and canvas can provide valuable information, it does not explain the origin or intent of the artwork. Even if we limit the inquiry to all natural processes and we found how the components could have been put together in this fashion through totally naturalistic processes, that doesn’t mean that this is the only explanation nor the most parsimonious explanation.
    Again forensics, but not just forensics, but archaeology, information theory, search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), and geography. We routinely investigate both natural and non-natural causes. Embedded within these fields is the idea of agent causation, intentionality, and will. Archaeology examines artifacts to understand the cultural and intellectual agency of past civilizations. Information theory can examine material, in respect to its environment, which is high in free energy. This is usually simply described as complex and specified information. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) demonstrates that science can test for non-natural causes, such as intelligent signals from distant galaxies. Geography can also seek an understanding of how humans have impacted the natural processes and landforms of their environments through various farming and infrastructure.


    Why, then, is natural science uniquely restricted?


    The claim that science will eventually explain all phenomena through natural processes creates a logical contradiction. Methodological naturalism, by its very nature, cannot detect non-natural causes. Therefore, any conclusions drawn from this limited methodology are inherently incomplete. Scientific methodology is rooted in epistemological assumptions, and flawed assumptions lead to incomplete or inaccurate conclusions. Pragmatism, while useful, is insufficient for pursuing truth if it ignores potential causal factors.


    Counterexamples abound, highlighting that science is not always confined to strict naturalism. Studies on prayer and near-death experiences, for instance, explore non-natural influences. These examples underscore the fact that the a priori rejection of non-natural causes is a philosophical position that requires justification, especially given the prevalence of dual-causal investigations in other fields.


    From a creationist perspective, excluding supernatural processes as potential causal explanations is not only unscientific but also detrimental to the pursuit of true knowledge. The goal of science should be to determine the causes and mechanisms underlying observed phenomena, regardless of whether they are natural or involve intelligent agency. The term “supernatural” refers to causes that are not due to physical laws and chemistry, such as programming or other information input. Excluding these potential causes compromises the integrity of scientific inquiry.


    A true scientist must follow all leads and consider all possibilities to ensure that the most accurate and comprehensive model is upheld. Science is grounded in the principles of evidence-based reasoning, and the evidence may lead to non-natural or supernatural causes. If naturalism is to be a consistent and reliable methodology, it must be applied across all scientific disciplines, including forensics and historical sciences.


    In conclusion, the pursuit of knowledge should not be constrained by arbitrary philosophical limitations. By embracing a broader definition of science that includes the possibility of non-natural causes, we can move closer to a more complete and accurate understanding of the universe. This approach aligns with the creationist worldview, which recognizes the intelligent design and purpose inherent in the natural world.